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It has long been known that smoking can increase risk of heart disease, strokes, asthma, emphysema and many forms of cancer. Smoking may also increase the risk of psychological distress as well. |
A recent Scottish study reported on psychological health of 5,560 non-smokers and 2,595 smokers. Saliva levels of cotinine- a breakdown product of nicotine were measured as well to determine levels of second hand smoke exposure in non-smokers. Psychological distress- such as depression and anxiety- were highest in the smokers- with 20% of smokers experiencing psychological distress such as depression and anxiety. Among non-smokers- psychological distress occurred in 9% of smokers with low second hand tobacco smoker exposure, 11% of non smokers with moderate smoke exposure and 14% of non-smokers with heavy smoke exposure. Results were adjusted for factors like socioeconomic levels, alcohol and drug use and physical exercise. The nicotine in smoking may have a negative effect on mood.
This study by Hamer et al is published in the August 2010 Archives of General Psychiatry.
Doug Kaufmann has written many books that cover a full range or health issues. Find out which of his books best suits you by clicking the button below.
Doug Kaufmann developed his diet after years studying the clinical effects of pathogenic fungi on the body. Fungi and yeasts can become parasitic organisms on and inside our body, causing health problems that can be difficult to diagnose. Learn more about the Kaufmann Diet, change your life and know the cause.
We encourage all visitors to this site to take some time and study these technical articles prior to initiating lifestyle changes, including dietary changes and to do so with their physician’s awareness and approval. The articles posted in this link are scientific and with few exceptions are taken from medical journals familiar to healthcare workers.
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